Axios

A noted reproductive health researcher at the University of Alabama at Birmingham will succeed Anthony Fauci as director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases this fall.

What's happening: Jeanne Marrazzo was selected Wednesday to head the $6.3 billion institute, which is part of the National Institutes of Health and served as a key research hub during the HIV/AIDS epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic.

• Marrazzo is currently director of the Division of Infectious Diseases at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Her work has focused on female reproductive tract infections and hormonal contraception, prevention of HIV and antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea.

Catch up quick: Fauci retired in December after leading NIAID since 1984 and is now a distinguished professor at Georgetown University. Hugh Auchincloss, Fauci's longtime deputy, had been serving as acting director.

• Congressional Republicans have cast a spotlight on the institute's work since taking control of the House, specifically how it oversees research on pathogens that can cause pandemics.
• President Biden's fiscal 2024 budget proposed only a small funding increase for NIH, leaving it without a clear-cut champion for more money next year. The nomination of Biden's pick to lead NIH, Monica Bertagnolli, is also facing headwinds.

What they're saying: "Dr. Marrazzo brings a wealth of leadership experience from leading international clinical trials and translational research, managing a complex organizational budget that includes research funding and mentoring trainees in all stages of professional development," said NIH interim director Lawrence Tabak.

Fauci praised Marrazzo on CNN but added she'll face a complicated set of emerging diseases and "a very divisive political setting, where there's been an unfortunate politicization of some of the science."

Medicare coverage of obesity drugs could save taxpayers as much as $245 billion over a decade by reducing demand for hospital care and skilled nursing, according to new research from the USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics.

Why it matters: The study attempts to put a price tag on the public health benefits from expanding coverage as a new class of obesity drugs hits the market.

Medical device makers and health care providers want to move away from using a likely carcinogenic gas to sterilize devices — but they say it's not that simple.

Why it matters: Because eliminating ethylene oxide is expected to take so long, federal regulators must weigh the risks and benefits of using the chemical, also known as EtO, at its current scale — and stakeholder groups are at odds over the right path forward.

Where it stands: FDA in April announced a radiation sterilization pilot program to incentivize companies to find better ways to sterilize medical devices.

• FDA has launched other initiatives to reduce EtO reliance, including one program that has allowed some facilities to cut emissions as much as 35%, the agency said.
• But no alternatives can sterilize devices at the scale of EtO at this point, according to the agency.

The process of finding new sterilization methods shouldn't be rushed, said AdvaMed CEO Scott Whitaker.

• "We're better off taking our time and getting the science right rather than rushing to something," Whitaker told Axios.
• Industry groups feel there's a clear path forward. "EPA's estimated health risks are based on maximum emission levels for hypothetical and unlikely exposure scenarios; permanent and fatal outcomes to actual people can happen in minutes without adequate medical supplies," the Medical Device Manufacturers Association wrote in a comment letter to EPA.

The other side: Consumer and environmental advocates say industry should've expected EPA's regulations, and the rules provide more than enough time to come into compliance with new standards.

• In fact, EPA should shorten its proposed 18-month compliance timeline in final EtO regulations, a group of Democratic lawmakers wrote to the agency last month.
• Illinois passed a law in 2019 requiring sterilization facilities to greatly reduce their EtO emissions. Facilities that fail emissions tests must close and get state approval before reopening.
• The state "has demonstrated that there are steps companies can take to make sure to continue operating and make sure that the air their employees and their neighbors are breathing is safe," Rep. Brad Schneider told Axios.
• Illinois temporarily shut down a sterilization facility in 2019 over EtO emissions concerns, resulting in the shortage of a particular breathing tube for children. But that's after FDA had warned that 594 types of medical equipment could be in short supply because of the shutdown. The facility permanently closed later that year.

The bottom line: EtO regulation highlights the importance — and difficulty — of solving one public health issue without creating another one.

• The trade-offs presented by EtO are "not unusual in the complex nature of delivering health care," said Nancy Foster, vice president for quality and patient safety policy at the American Hospital Association.
• "You have to take what you've got now, think about how to make it safer as is, and think about what alternative might be developed that would be even safer beyond that," she added.

Allurion Technologies, a Massachusetts-based maker of swallowable gastric balloons, today will go public on the New York Stock Exchange.

Why it matters: Anti-obesity is health care's new big thing, thanks to the popularity of new drugs like Ozempic, after a long history of most prescribed treatments being behavioral.

Pfizer says it's eyeing possible cost-cutting measures to manage potential losses from low uptake of its COVID-19 vaccine and antibody treatment — a sign of how the market for COVID products has weakened, even as hospitalizations and cases tick up again.

Why it matters: The pharmaceutical giant's disclosure on a quarterly earnings call Tuesday reflects both the public's apathy for booster shots and declining support from governments for its COVID products.

It's becoming ever more dangerous to give birth in America, especially for Black women, older women and those living in rural areas, according to a pair of new reports from March of Dimes and Milken Institute.

Why it matters: The dismal U.S. maternal health statistics are usually a sidebar in the abortion wars, but many experts believe that increasing the number of births by further restricting access to abortion will only worsen the situation.

Hospitals secured a $2.2 billion increase in Medicare payments for inpatient services in 2024, according to a final rule issued Tuesday.

Why it matters: The 3.1% increase is slightly higher than the rate the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services proposed in April. However, the agency did not grant hospitals' request to raise payments further to account for previous underestimates in hospitals costs.

The estate of Henrietta Lacks settled a lawsuit against a biotechnology company that allegedly profited from cervical cells that were taken from her in the 1950s without her consent, her family's attorney said on Tuesday.

Why it matters: The cells, harvested when Lacks, a Black woman, was treated for cervical cancer, have allowed breakthroughs in modern medicine as the first immortal human cell line.

The Biden administration's new effort to improve insurance coverage for mental health services is on a collision course with the nation's shortage of behavioral health professionals.

Why it matters: More than 160 million Americans live in areas lacking enough mental health professionals to meet the need.