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Tropical storms, tornadoes and flooding are among the extreme weather events causing destruction around the world.

Extreme weather

A look at the scientific breakthroughs changing the world, explorations in space and in worlds beyond our own and the threats posed to us by our own planet, both out of our control and of our own making.

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Tropical Storm Ian intensified Saturday night, and is forecast to rapidly strengthen through Monday, possibly into a high-end Category 4 storm. 

The big picture: Hurricane Ian could hit western Florida or another part of the Gulf Coast as a powerful hurricane as early as midweek this week.

State of play: As of 8 am ET on Sunday, Tropical Storm Ian was located about 590 miles southeast of the western tip of Cuba, and contained maximum sustained winds of 50 mph, and was moving to the west-northwest at 12 mph. 

President Biden declared a federal state of emergency for multiple Florida counties on Saturday night.

What to watch: Ian is moving toward an area with extremely favorable conditions for it to rapidly intensify. 

In its 8 am update, the National Hurricane Center said Ian could become a hurricane as early as Sunday night and reach "major hurricane strength" by late Monday before hitting western Cuba. 

Studies show an increase in the occurrence of rapid intensification due to human-caused climate change.

The western Caribbean Sea is a powder keg for hurricanes right now, with high ocean heat content and weak upper-level winds. 

What's next: The key questions facing forecasters, public officials and tens of millions of residents along the Gulf Coast is where the storm will head once it becomes a hurricane, and how strong will it be once it gets there. 

The computer models have been diverging, with some showing a landfall in northwestern Florida or perhaps southeastern Alabama. Others show a hit much farther east, closer to Tampa. 

Forecast trends since Friday have nudged the most likely track of the center of  Ian to the west, closer to the Panhandle region of Florida. 

While the likelihood of significant impacts in South Florida has decreased, it has not entirely disappeared, and the Hurricane Center is urging all Floridians to prepare for storm impacts.

"It cannot be overstated that significant uncertainty remains in Ian's long-range  prediction," the Hurricane Center stated in an online forecast discussion Sunday morning.

Tropical Storm Ian's latest cone prediction from the National Hurricane Center. 

Tropical Storm Ian's latest cone prediction, issued at 8 am ET on September 25, 2022, from the National Hurricane Center. Credit: NOAA

Between the lines: The differences between computer models stem from incomplete information about the strength and placement of a dip in the jet stream, also known as a trough, forecast to develop across the Central and Eastern U.S. early in the week.

The European model has consistently shown Ian gaining strength and curving to the north-northeast over time.

The main American model, known as the GFS, has been depicting another scenario entirely, with Ian missing the express lane of the trough, and instead threatening areas further to the north in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, but as a weaker storm.

Context: Human-caused climate change is altering the characteristics of nature's most powerful storms. 

For example, sea level rise from melting ice sheets makes a hurricane's storm surge more harmful.

Tropical Storm Ian could become hurricane later today, Florida in path

The storm's track is not yet clear, with trends favoring a landfall in the Florida Panhandle.

Tropical Storm Ian as photographed via satellite on September 25, 2022 as it approaches the western edge of Cuba.

Tropical Storm Ian as photographed via satellite on September 25, 2022 as it skirts Jamaica. Credit: NOAA

hurricanes

Climate change

Ominous forecasts about the impact of climate change serve as the backdrop for the world — led by U.S. lawmakers and companies — to debate big action on the problem, which could upend energy systems and our way of life.

Energy & Environment

Tropical Storm Ian, which formed late Friday night over the southern Caribbean, is set to intensify into a powerful hurricane during the next few days.

The big picture: The National Hurricane Center is now predicting Ian will develop into a Category 4 storm within the next 72 hours. Ian's path still is forecast to cross over portions of Cuba and then turn northward into Florida by midweek. 

Ian has an abundant supply of deep, warm water ahead of it, which computer models show is likely to help the storm rapidly intensify. 

In addition, starting later today, little significant wind shear is forecast to affect the storm. 

Shear occurs when winds blow in different directions or speeds with height, and it can prevent a tropical storm from intensifying. 

Zoom in: As of 5 p.m. ET, Tropical Storm Ian was located about 255 miles south of Kingston, Jamaica, and was moving west at 16 mph. Maximum sustained winds were at 45 mph.

A hurricane warning is in effect for Grand Cayman Island, while a tropical storm watch is in effect for Little Cayman Island. A previous tropical storm watch issued for Jamaica has been canceled as the storm is expected to miss the island at this time. 

The latest predictions released by the NHC show Ian making landfall somewhere along Florida's western coast on Thursday afternoon. However, the NHC warned Saturday that the "uncertainty in the track forecast is higher than usual." 

"Regardless of Ian’s exact track, there is a risk of dangerous storm surge, hurricane-force winds, and heavy rainfall along the west coast of Florida and the Florida Panhandle by the middle of next week, and residents in Florida should ensure they have their hurricane plan in place, follow any advice given by local officials, and closely monitor updates to the forecast," the 5 p.m. advisory said.

Tropical Storm Ian's forecasted storm path as of 5 p.m. ET on September 24, 2022.

Tropical Storm Ian's forecasted storm path as of 5 p.m. ET on September 24, 2022. Credit: NOAA

Threat level: While computer models disagree on the track and precise intensity forecast beyond Monday, this storm poses a significant threat to Florida. 

The prospect of a major hurricane striking Florida in the next several days raises alarm bells, particularly because of the array of decisions that leaders must make in order to successfully evacuate vulnerable areas, such as the Florida Keys. 

In response to the approaching storm, NASA scrubbed its plan for Tuesday's Moon rocket launch from Cape Canaveral on Tuesday. It takes three days to move the massive rocket into the Vehicle Assembly Building. 

Florida Governor Ron DeSantis (R) has already declared a state of emergency for 24 counties that may be affected by the storm.

Between the lines: On average, hurricane track forecasts for days four and five have errors of about 150 and 200 miles, respectively, the Hurricane Center noted Saturday morning.  

The differences between computer models concern the strength and placement of a dip in the jet stream, also known as a trough, forecast to develop across the Central and Eastern U.S. early in the week. 

The European model has consistently shown the storm gaining strength and curving to the north-northeast over time, across western Cuba and into central or southern Florida late Tuesday into Wednesday and Thursday. 

Computer model projections for Tropical Storm Ian as of Sept. 24.

Computer model projections for Tropical Storm Ian as of Sept. 24. The solid lines are the means of the major computer model runs, while the circle indicates the range of potential tracks. (Tomer Burg)

The main American model, known as the GFS, has been depicting another scenario, with a weaker Ian making a later turn, and threatening areas further to the north in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. 

Forecasters with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are flying research aircraft into and around Ian to feed more data into the computer models, hoping to hone in on an accurate prediction. 

Yes, but: The uncertainty notwithstanding, forecasters are urging Floridians to prepare this weekend for a potentially significant hurricane impact, with heavy rains, damaging winds and storm surge flooding. 

Millions of Floridians who flocked to the state in recent years may have never experienced a direct hit by a major hurricane, of Category 3 intensity or greater,  particularly in vulnerable cities such as Tampa and Miami. 

Context: Hurricanes are becoming more intense and damaging from human-caused climate change, which is enabling them to shed heavier amounts of rainfall and stay stronger further north. 

Sea level rise from melting ice sheets makes a hurricane's storm surge more harmful. 

In addition, there is an observed trend toward a greater share of storms in some ocean basins that reach the higher end of the intensity scale, and that rapidly intensify as well. However, the overall number of tropical storms and hurricanes is not expected to increase in a warming world.

So far, the dire predictions for this Atlantic hurricane season have not panned out in terms of storm activity, but that seems to be changing, fast. 

Tropical Storm Ian poised to become Category 4 hurricane, threaten Florida

Officials are urging Floridians to use this weekend to prepare for an intense hurricane to strike.

Tropical Storm Ian as viewed from a NOAA satellite.

Tropical Storm Ian as captured by a NOAA satellite on September 24, 2022. Credit: NOAA

NASA will push back its latest attempt at launching its new Moon rocket due to a tropical storm that could become a major hurricane, the agency said in a statement on Saturday.

The big picture: The delay comes as Tropical Storm Ian is expected to become a hurricane by Monday and hit the Florida Gulf Coast. The launch was originally scheduled for Tuesday.

It will be the third delay after hydrogen fuel leaks and other technical issues caused the first two scrubs. 

What they're saying: "The agency is taking a step-wise approach to its decision making process to allow the agency to protect its employees by completing a safe roll in time for them to address the needs of their families while also protecting for the option to press ahead with another launch opportunity in the current window if weather predictions improve," NASA said. 

What's next: NASA could try for an Oct. 2 launch attempt, the last opportunity before a two-week blackout period. 

But if NASA takes the rocket off the launch pad — a decision that managers will make late Sunday or early Monday — it would likely mean a lengthy delay for the test flight, possibly pushing it into November, AP writes. 

NASA delays Moon rocket launch due to Tropical Storm Ian

The launch was originally scheduled for Tuesday.

NASA

Hurricane Fiona is forecast to strike eastern Canada as a powerful hurricane force post-tropical storm beginning tonight, with officials in Nova Scotia telling residents they "should be preparing today and bracing for impact." 

Why it matters: After lashing Bermuda, Fiona may be one of the most intense storms ever to hit Atlantic Canada when it roars ashore Saturday. It could even set a national intensity record based on its minimum air pressure.

Threat level: The storm is likely to bring widespread damaging winds to Canada, specifically in the region between Halifax and Newfoundland.

Power could be knocked out in some areas for extended periods of time. Pounding surf and damaging storm surge flooding will also affect the Canadian Maritimes.

Fiona, the first major hurricane of this Atlantic hurricane season, is undergoing a transformation into a post-tropical storm, which is causing it to unspool from a tightly wound major hurricane into a sprawling, hurricane-force windstorm most comparable to 2012's Hurricane Sandy. 

The Atlantic Ocean churning as Fiona passes through.

A view from inside Hurricane Fiona southeast of Bermuda on Sept. 22 from an ocean drone operated by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Saildrone, which observed 50-foot waves. GIF: NOAA/Saildrone 

What they're saying: "Fiona is projected to be a significant and historic weather event for Nova Scotia," John Lohr, Nova Scotia's emergency management minister, said in an update on the storm Thursday. 

"In the past few years, Nova Scotians have done the work and prepared for several hurricanes and storms, like Hurricane Teddy in 2020. Luckily, the impacts of those storms were minor. Fiona is different," Lohr added.

"All questions have been removed as to whether this storm will happen. We are now certain. Fiona will impact our province, and it has the potential to be very dangerous."

A government forecast from Friday morning said the "storm will be a severe event for Atlantic Canada and eastern Quebec."

"This storm will produce very heavy rainfall and severe winds," it continued.

"These winds could cause significant treefall and result in extended utility outages," Environment Canada warned for eastern Nova Scotia on Friday.

"Damage to building cladding and roofing material is likely, including structural damage in certain cases," the warning continued. "This will result in damage to docks and breakwaters. Significant shoreline erosion and large waves are expected where winds blow onshore."

It issued a similar warning for southwest Newfoundland. 

By the numbers: Fiona is expected to hit eastern Nova Scotia with maximum sustained winds up to around 56 miles per hour (90 km per hour) with gusts up 74 mph (120 km/h) and bring between roughly 4 inches to 6 inches (100 to 150 millimeters) of rainfall with higher local amounts possible. 

Southwest Newfoundland could experience maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (100 km/h), max gusts of around 90 mph (140 km/h) and around 3 to 4 inches (70 to 100 mm) of rainfall. 

The lowest-pressure recorded in Canada was 940 millibars in St. Anthony, Newfoundland, in the 1970s, according to CBC.

The current projected minimum central pressure for Fiona is 934 millibars. 

The big picture: Fiona hammered Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic earlier this week, leaving millions of people on the islands without power and causing at least five deaths.

Some 8,000 customers were without power in Bermuda Friday as the hurricane swept near the British territory.

Context: Hurricanes are becoming more intense and damaging from human-caused climate change and global warming, enabling them to shed heavier amounts of rainfall and stay stronger further north.

Biden admin to cover Hurricane Fiona recovery costs for next month

Atlantic hurricane season still looks unusually active, NOAA warns

Hurricane Fiona to wallop Canada as one of its strongest storms on record

A Friday morning forecast said Fiona "will be a severe event for Atlantic Canada and eastern Quebec."

Canada

Hurricane Fiona's powerful winds and heavy rains were pummeling Bermuda morning as the Category 4 storm brushed close to the Atlantic island en route to northeastern Canada on Friday morning.

Threat level: Some 8,000 customers were without power in Bermuda as Fiona swept near the British territory, the island's Royal Gazette reports. The Canadian Hurricane Centre (CHC) tweeted at 3am Friday that warnings were "in effect for what looks to be a historic storm for eastern Canada."

"This storm is going to hit us, folks," said Mike Savage, mayor of Halifax in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia Thursday, urging residents to prepare for Fiona's possible landfall, per CTV News. "It's going to hit us in the face."

State of play: Hurricane watches and warnings were in effect over much of coastal Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, with the CHC warning of a "severe event for Atlantic Canada and eastern Quebec."

Meanwhile, hurricane conditions were expected to continue in Bermuda for several hours, according to a 2am advisory from the National Hurricane Center.

What we're watching: The CHC expects Fiona to threaten Nova Scotia waters on Friday night night, passing through Cape Breton Saturday morning, and then reaching the Quebec Lower North Shore and Southeastern Labrador early Sunday, with storm surges expected in several places.

The big picture: Fiona has been linked to at least five deaths, including two in Puerto Rico after the storm caused widespread destruction as it flooded the U.S. territory, knocking out power to the entire island on Sunday. Just under 1 million customers were still without power on Friday morning, per PowerOutage.US. 

President Biden has declared a major disaster in Puerto Rico and announced Thursday that the federal government will cover 100% of costs for the next month to help with recovery efforts.

 The storm was also blamed for two deaths in the Dominican Republic and one in the French island of Guadeloupe — both of which also experienced widespread power outages as Fiona swept through.

Deadly Hurricane Fiona lashes Bermuda ahead of expected Canada hit

Canadian officials are warning of a "severe event for Atlantic Canada and eastern Quebec."

A NOAA satellite image of Hurricane Fiona near Bermuda.

The great strides in cancer survivability seen in recent decades could be undercut by fallout from the pandemic, the overturning of Roe v. Wade, and continued disparities in health care access, scientists warn.

The good news: There's been a 32% reduction in American cancer deaths from 1991 to 2019, with a 2.3% drop every year between 2016 and 2019, according to the American Association for Cancer Research.

Plus, the FDA approved eight new "groundbreaking" anticancer therapeutics in one year, the AACR said in its 2022 cancer progress report.

These include a new front-line treatment for advanced melanoma (Opdualag), the first drug (Kimmtrak) to treat the most common form of adult eye cancer called uveal melanoma, and the first molecularly targeted treatment (Welireg) for cancer patients with Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that causes a massive growth of tumors and cysts.

In that same period from Aug. 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022, the FDA also approved two new diagnostic imaging agents (Locametz and Cytalux) and expanded the use of 10 other cancer drugs.

"They're really busy over there — they are approving drugs at a rate that we've never seen before," Anna Barker, chief strategy officer at Ellison Institute, said at the AACR press briefing. "This whole movement has changed the world."

The bad news: This progress could be offset by threats from multiple fronts, the researchers said.

1) The pandemic caused a "very significant decline" in early detection, screening, and overall attention to patient health, AACR president Lisa M. Coussens said at the briefing.

They predict "there will be an increased incidence of late-stage cancer that will start showing up this year and next year," she said.

2) Continued disparities in health care access, combined with underrepresentation of some racial and ethnic groups in clinical trial participation and in the health care workforce, contribute to a higher risk of cancer incidence and death faced by many underrepresented groups, John Carpten, chair of the National Cancer Advisory Board, told the press briefing.

For instance, gastric cancer is nearly twice as likely to be found in American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Hispanic, and Black people compared to non-Hispanic white individuals, per the report.

Lung cancer death rates are 34% higher among residents of rural areas compared to those in cities.

Georgia Rep. Nikema Williams said, via a video: "We have two health care systems in this country: one for people who can afford preventative services and quality treatment, and one for everyone else. We must demand better. Black Americans have the highest death rate and shortest survival of any racial and ethnic group for most cancers."

And, the pandemic made those cancer disparities worse.

3) The reversal of Roe v. Wade has led to 17 states so far restricting or banning abortion, which can have ramifications on other medical issues. Adam P. Dicker, a member of the report's steering committee, told Axios that it's surprisingly common for women to experience cancer concurrent with pregnancy — roughly one in every 2,000.

Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies sometimes include a high risk of fetal malformation or spontaneous abortion, and "uncertainty may prohibit some physicians from prescribing a drug or performing other health services in a timely manner due to the potential legal consequences," the report warns.

"So, the impact of the [state bans] is to prioritize the fetus over the mother, and that can compromise her life" if a cancer remains untreated for months, Coussens tells Axios.

An added consequence, she said, is that some pharmacists won't prescribe cancer drug treatments that also could be potentially used to induce an abortion. One is methotrexate, which is a key standard-of-care drug for certain autoimmune disorders and cancers that's been reported as hard to obtain.

"A consequence of overturning Roe is that drugs like methotrexate are now coming under scrutiny and being denied to women of childbearing age for fear they might utilize the medication to induce a spontaneous miscarriage," Coussens said.

Dicker said this reduces patient autonomy and also places oncologists at risk of civil or criminal charges.

Meanwhile, the AACR outlines in its report its policy recommendations "to ensure that the U.S. maintains its momentum against cancer for all patients."

The bottom line: "One thing we learned [from the pandemic] is that if we really want to do something, we can. We think about Operation Warp Speed and the convergence of industry, the government and the community to say this is something we have to address and we have to address now," Carpten said.

"We're hoping we'll see similar efforts and initiatives moving forward in cancer."

Cancer progress threatened by pandemic and Roe decision, report says

The good news (lower deaths overall) and the bad news (will likely rise again) about cancers.

Illustration of a blue ribbon with a downward-facing arrow

Cancer

The U.S. faces a range of health care flashpoints — unaffordable drugs, opioids, vaping — as we debate whether to adopt universal care. For now, the Affordable Care Act is the law of the land, but Republicans want to issue it a final death blow.

Health

Axios Science

Artificial intelligence is guiding plant breeding — and helping to speed up the development of crops that scientists hope can better cope with devastating drought and heat.

Why it matters: Droughts in China, Europe, East Africa and North America are damaging crops and contributing to food insecurity and hunger crises around the world.

Parts of the American corn belt are experiencing extreme or exceptional drought. In Nebraska, 35% of the corn crop is considered to be in poor or very poor condition.

Some of these prolonged dry periods are driven by human-caused climate change, others are worsened by it — but, all together, they are a window into the drier and hotter future predicted in some regions.

Those changes in climate and growing global food insecurity are putting pressure on breeders to develop more resilient plants faster.

What's happening: Machine learning algorithms and other AI tools have been used by some companies for about a decade, but they're becoming more widely available to breeders.

Breeders use them to analyze data that reflects what's known about plant biology — for example, how high or fast a plant grows, and whether it can withstand hot or dry conditions in a region.

That data can help AI predict the combination of genes — and the genes that regulate them — that can improve a plant's tolerance without reducing the yield.

Instead of crossing plants for generations to find the best-suited ones, breeders can use AI to more quickly predict which genetics will yield the desired traits.

There are some tradeoffs, though, between how much water a plant uses and how much grain, corn or other product a plant can yield — and debate about how far breeders can go with both.

AI can "help breeders walk through this complex labyrinth," says Charlie Messina, a professor of predictive breeding at the University of Florida. 

Details: In a recent study, Messina and his colleagues assessed how hybrids of drought-tolerant maize bred with the help of AI grew under different water conditions.

In contrast to earlier research, they report the hybrids bred for better drought tolerance had better yields. (The hybrid is commercially available from Corteva, and scientists from the company participated in the study. Messina previously worked for the company.)

The scientists also found the hybrid plants had a smaller difference in their yields in normal and dry conditions, meaning they produced a more reliable amount of maize over a range of conditions. One of the challenges climate change presents is hydrological extremes, enhancing both droughts and heavy rains.

But, but, but... A study published earlier this year found gains in corn yields were largely due to climate and improved soil and crop management, not plant genetics. 

"This is an important debate because it can influence investments — public and private — in technologies to deal with drought and climate change," Messina says.

"If we don't figure out the cause of the problem, as a society we may be investing in the wrong solutions," he says. 

Potatoes are another staple around the world — and the plants are highly sensitive to heat.

AlphaFold, a deep learning system developed by DeepMind that can predict the structure of proteins, was used along with other tools to study the genes and proteins involved in the response of potatoes to elevated temperatures. (AlphaFold's founders won the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences today.)

The big picture: Genetics are just one factor in a crop's yield and resilience. 

There's also a field's environment and how its soil and water are managed and potentially tailored to a crop plant.

Farmers are under their own pressures to produce a certain amount of a crop, and can be strained for resources.

Messina says his goal is to integrate information about a plant's genetics, a field's environment and a crop's management.

Ultimately, he wants to "move from thinking about drought tolerance in a crop to thinking about crops as systems to combat climate change and improve nutrition and food security." 

AI is digging up how plants tolerate drought and heat

Droughts in China, Europe, East Africa and North America are damaging crops and contributing to hunger crises.

Illustration of harvester cutting a Helix DNA shape into farm land

Artificial intelligence

President Biden approved a major disaster declaration for Puerto Rico and ordered federal aid to assist with recovery efforts in the areas affected by deadly Hurricane Fiona, the White House announced Wednesday evening.

Driving the news: Local officials told AP Wednesday they were having difficulty trying to reach stranded residents days after Fiona swept through, cutting off areas in "at least six municipalities" after triggering heavy rains, mudslides and flooding that destroyed bridges, roads and property.

The remains of a bridge in Rio Grande de Arecibo, Puerto Rico, after Hurricane Fiona swept through.

The big picture: Fiona knocked out power to the entire island, and Gov. Pedro Pierluisi requested the major disaster declaration on Tuesday.

Pierluisi tweeted his thanks to Biden and Federal Emergency Management Agency administrator Deanne Criswell for the declaration, which he said would ensure towns had additional FEMA help to assist in storm damage recovery.

By the numbers: Over a million people were still without power and more than 450,000 had no running water or only intermittent service in the U.S. territory on Wednesday, according to government data.

What they're saying: Criswell said at a briefing in Puerto Rico on Wednesday after visiting affected areas that initial recovery efforts were about "stabilizing the incident and bringing the communities to a level that they can function."

Then officials would look at moving into rebuilding infrastructure to be more resilient "so that they can withstand future impacts."

 Editor's note: This article has been updated with new details throughout.

Rescue crews in Puerto Rico struggle to reach residents cut off by Fiona

FEMA administrator Deanne Criswell visited areas in Puerto Rico affected by the deadly storm today.

Firefighters from the DOE Barceloneta carried rescue a 91-year-old woman who was trapped in her home after a flood.

Barceloneta, Puerto Rico, firefighters rescue a 91-year-old woman on Tuesday after flooding from Hurricane Fiona. Photo: Puerto Rico Firefighters Corps/Twitter

Puerto Rico

China is becoming the most formidable rival America has faced, and the risk of confrontation with Russia, North Korea or Iran still looms. Authoritarians are rising, the chaotic Afghanistan exit revealed the limits of U.S. power, and the pandemic, climate change and other critical challenges continue to pose grave threats.

World

President Biden has made the COVID-19 crisis and a post-Trump return to national unity and traditional democratic ideals his top priorities. From vaccinations to stimulus to schools, Biden is seeking bipartisan compromise while showing a willingness to use executive authority and bare Democratic majorities in the U.S. House and Senate to implement his policies. Republican leaders are navigating deep party divisions over if and how to move beyond former President Trump.

Politics & Policy

Axios Space

Neptune is glowing in a new light in photos taken of the distant planet by the James Webb Space Telescope. 

Why it matters: The JWST is designed to catch glimpses of some of the first galaxies to form after the Big Bang, but it could also be transformative for scientists hoping to understand more about the inner-workings of our solar system.

What's happening: The JWST captured Neptune and its moons in infrared light, revealing the planet's rings in amazing detail.

"In addition to several bright narrow rings, the Webb images clearly show Neptune’s fainter dust bands," NASA said in a statement. "Webb’s extremely stable and precise image quality also permits these very faint rings to be detected so close to Neptune."

A labeled image of Neptune and its moons seen by the JWST

Neptune and its moons labeled. Photo: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI

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