Global military spending topped $2 trillion in 2021 for the first time, with the U.S. accounting for 38% of that total, according to an annual report from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

The big picture: China's spending rose for the 27th consecutive year, and it's more than doubled over the past decade. China's growing power and Russia's increasing aggression have spurred other countries in Asia and Europe to increase their own defense budgets.

• The U.S. and its NATO allies together account for 55% of global military spending. That rises to 61% if you include America's treaty allies in the Pacific: Australia, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea.
• That surpasses spending from U.S. competitors and adversaries Russia (3.1%), Iran (1.2%) and even China (14%). SIPRI did not estimate North Korea's spending.
• Even as a proportion of GDP, China spends less than half (1.7%) of what the U.S. (3.5%) does, according to SIPRI's estimate (China's military budget is notoriously opaque).
• Yes, but: China did narrow the superpower spending gap slightly in 2021, increasing its defense spending by 4.7% while U.S. spending fell by 1.4%.

The region that saw the biggest increase in defense spending was Asia and Oceania.

• The biggest increases came in Japan (+7.3%) and Australia (+4%) — due primarily to concerns about China's rise.

Spending also increased in Europe.

• Russian aggression has pushed NATO allies to move toward the alliance's target of spending 2% of GDP on defense.
• The numbers will likely be higher this year. After the invasion of Ukraine, Germany announced a massive infusion of defense spending.

The countries that spent the most as a proportion of GDP are almost all in the Middle East and North Africa, led by Oman (7.3%), Kuwait (6.7%) and Saudi Arabia (6.6%).

• Africa accounted for just 1.9% of global military expenditures, but Nigeria — the biggest spender in sub-Saharan Africa — spent 56% more on the military last year than in 2020 as it faced severe security challenges, including from Boko Haram.
• Several countries in the Americas, including Argentina (0.6%) and Mexico (0.7%), spent less than 1% of GDP on defense.

On average, 6 cents of every dollar governments around the world spend goes toward the military, though the average is considerably lower in Europe and South America.

• Countries like Belarus (30%), Qatar (22%) and Pakistan (18%) put an unusually high percentage of government spending toward the military.

By the numbers:

1. U.S., 38% of total global spending
2. China, 14%
3. India, 3.6%
4. U.K., 3.2%
5. Russia, 3.1%
6. France, 2.7%
7. Germany, 2.7%
8. Saudi Arabia, 2.6%
9. Japan, 2.6%
10. South Korea, 2.4%

Worth noting: The U.S. spent more than the rest of the top 10 combined.

French President Emmanuel Macron comfortably defeated far-right candidate Marine Le Pen in Sunday’s presidential runoff, 58.5% to 41.5%.

Why it matters: From his (largely unsuccessful) attempts to influence Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump to his more fruitful efforts to strengthen the EU and turn it into a coherent foreign policy power, Macron has been one of the most ambitious and significant global players of the past five years.

• Now arguably Europe’s most senior statesman, he’ll be in power until 2027 — and the far-right will go back to the drawing board.
• Le Pen conceded defeat but said the results showed there were "winds of change afoot" and she would continue to "stand up for the French people" and against Macron, whom she said would "destroy France" with his policies.
• Between the lines: Exit polls suggest that for both Le Pen and Macron, less than half of their votes came from genuine supporters and the rest from voters who simply hated the other candidate more.

What to watch: Macron, whose approval rating is just 36%, still faces big challenges at home, starting with parliamentary elections in June.

• Both Le Pen and far-left candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon are already trying to rally their voters to deny Macron’s party a majority.
• If that happens, Macron would effectively lose control of day-to-day governance.

The U.S. will host a conference of allies tomorrow at Ramstein Air Base in Germany aimed in part at streamlining the process of getting arms to Ukraine, as well as considering what Ukraine’s defense needs will be after the war — such as transitioning away from Soviet-era weaponry.

Zoom in: 43 countries were invited to the summit, Aaron Mehta of Breaking Defense reports.

• They include all 29 NATO allies and 14 non-NATO members, including Ukraine. Two are prospective NATO members, Finland and Sweden, and four more are close U.S. allies in the Pacific (Australia, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea).
• The remaining invitees are from the Middle East (Israel, Jordan and Qatar) and Africa (Kenya, Liberia, Morocco and Tunisia), reports Mehta, who says that only around 30 countries had confirmed their attendance according to a tentative list.
• Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin and his Ukrainian counterpart Oleksii Reznikov will open the proceedings, followed by a presentation by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Gen. Mark Milley.

The latest: Austin said today that Ukraine can win the war if it gets “the right equipment.”

• More controversially, Austin said that the U.S. would like to see Russia’s military “weakened to a degree that it can't do the kinds of things it has done in invading Ukraine.”

The backdrop: Austin was speaking in Poland alongside Secretary of State Tony Blinken a day after they met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in Kyiv.

• During the visit, Blinken said U.S. diplomats would start to return to Ukraine this week — initially on day trips from Poland, but eventually from the embassy in Kyiv.
• Blinken also told Zelensky that President Biden would nominate Bridget Brink, the current U.S. ambassador to Slovakia, to fill the ambassadorial post in Kyiv that has been vacant since 2019.

Tonight we're taking a tour of the Black Sea. Can you name all 10?

1. A river on which Kyiv also sits.

2. Site of a 1945 conference featuring Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin.

3. Site of a "palace" built for this person, according to a 2021 Alexei Navalny investigation.

4. A resort city that hosted the 2014 Olympics.

5. A self-declared "republic" internationally recognized as part of Georgia.

6. Turkish strait through which the sea flows into the Mediterranean.

7, 8. Two EU members with Black Sea coastlines.

9. Ukrainian port city of 1 million people.

10. Approximate site where this Russian warship was sunk on April 14. 

Scroll to the bottom for the answers.

Residents of Beijing are stocking up on supplies and emptying supermarket shelves as rising COVID cases lead to fear the Chinese capital could be the next city placed under a strict lockdown.

Driving the news: Beijing officials started mass testing of all residents in the city's most populous district today. Grocers are doubling their orders to keep up with demand, per Reuters.

• That comes as Shanghai remains under lockdown, with new measures like fencing around “sealed areas” popping up, Axios' Hope King writes.

What to watch: If Beijing continues to stand by its "zero COVID" policy, as seems likely, major cities could be living on the edge of lockdown for months to come, with major implications for the global economy.

Axios' Laurin-Whitney Gottbrath rounds up the latest headlines from around the world:

1. Funerals were held in Lebanon on Monday for some of the seven migrants and refugees who died when their boat sank as the country's navy tried to force it to turn around, per AP.

• Since Lebanon's economic meltdown began in October 2019, hundreds have attempted to make it to Europe by sea.

2. More than 160 people were killed in attacks in West Darfur, Sudan, over the weekend, and the fighting has now spread to the city of Geneina, Reuters reports.

• This is the latest escalation in a nearly two-decade conflict between Sudanese government-backed Arab janjaweed militia and mostly non-Arab armed groups. Hundreds of thousands have been killed and millions displaced since the fighting began, according to the UN.

3. El Salvador's Congress voted yesterday to approve President Nayib Bukele's request to extend the country's controversial anti-gang state of emergency for another month, AP reports.

• More than 16,000 suspected gang members have been detained since the decree was approved in late March, following a spate of gang-related killings. Human rights groups say the emergency powers, which restrict public gatherings and other rights, infringe on civil liberties.

4. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said today that an independent public inquiry will be established to examine his government's use of emergency measures in February to disperse protests against the country's COVID-19 restrictions.

5. Cuba today accused the U.S. of trying to exclude it from a regional summit set for June. The accusation comes just days after the U.S. and Cuba held migration talks.

Cairo’s City of the Dead is also home to tens of thousands of the living, Vivian Yee reports for the NYT. The government now plans to demolish much of the historic cemetery to make way for a bridge:

• “Each family has a walled plot, in which a garden of palms and fruit trees surrounds an airy mausoleum. Marble tombs are carved with gilded Arabic calligraphy.”
• “In the bigger plots, outbuildings once hosted living relatives who came on death anniversaries and major holidays to spend the night, honoring the dead with feasts and charity handouts.”
• “The rest of the year, live-in caretakers maintained the mausoleums. That was how Fathy, 67, who also did not want his last name used, his wife, Mona, 56, and their three children came to live next to the tomb of Neshedil Qadin, a consort to the 19th-century ruler Khedive Ismail, considered modern Egypt’s founder. Fathy’s father and grandfather looked after the royal mausoleum, raising their children there before passing down their jobs and homes.”

Dive in.

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Quoted:

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