Silicon Valley once saw tactics like layoffs and stock buybacks as the kind of shameless "short-termism" that killed innovation. Today, not so much, Matt writes.

The big picture: Large tech companies have axed tens of thousands of employees in recent months in an effort to boost profits, with some simultaneously unveiling plans to pour billions into stock buybacks — two textbook moves typically aimed at appeasing Wall Street.

• And instead of talking about the world-changing technologies of the future that won't pay off for years, their executives are suddenly fixated on productivity, cost control and profitability.

Case in point: Salesforce shares surged almost 12% yesterday — its biggest daily gain in more than two years — after it delivered better-than-expected results and said it would double its share buyback plan to $20 billion. (It announced a major round of layoffs in January, cutting 10%, or 8,000 people.)

• Chief executive Marc Benioff told analysts on a call, "You all know that we’ve never had an efficiency focus in the company before because we’ve had 24 incredible years where we’ve had to just grow, grow, grow."

Zoom out: Benioff isn't alone.

• In November, Facebook parent Meta Platforms announced its first-ever mass layoff, lopping its staff by 13%, or 11,000 workers. In January, it announced a plan to jack up its stock buybacks by 40%, to $40 billion. The stock exploded 23% higher after the announcement.
• Payment giant Paypal similarly shucked off 7% of its workforce, not long after announcing plans to funnel $15 billion into buying its own shares.
• Even Tesla chief Elon Musk has mentioned the prospect of launching a buyback program.

Why it matters: The sudden turn to Wall Street orthodoxy marks a shift in corporate America's balance of power over the last decade.

Flashback: In the years after the financial crisis, Silicon Valley emerged as an economic and financial counterweight to Wall Street, which had just discredited itself by setting off a financial crisis and global recession.

• A slow recovery followed, during which the success of Apple, Google, Amazon and Facebook set off a wave of tech triumphalism.
• Then came a parade of startup "unicorns," fed by the flood of money from venture capital firms seeking to get in on the ground floor of the next Amazon.
• The seemingly endless supply of cash allowed many of those firms to delay their public offerings for years and gave them incredible leverage over a Wall Street machine desperate for them to go public. They struck incredibly favorable deals for themselves — including super-powered voting shares for founders and stock offerings with limited shareholder voting rights.
• The message was clear: The old Wall Street rules didn't apply to them.

What changed: The easy money era ended last year when the Fed started hiking interest rates, hammering tech stocks more than most.

• Investors and Wall Street analysts now feel empowered to start questioning some of tech's "long-term," capital-devouring bets that rarely seem to pay off.

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Companies say they need to do layoffs, but mass firings can often have a long-lasting negative impact on their business, according to research and workplace experts, Emily writes.

Driving the news: In the first two months of the year, 435 tech companies laid off about 121,000 workers, according to data from Layoffs.fyi.

The big picture: Post-layoffs, the employees who didn't lose their jobs often see a decline in performance and feel less engaged at work, especially in research-intensive industries, one study found.

• Layoffs also can lead to more turnover, as folks — typically the top performers — jump from a sinking ship. Lately, there's been talk of people "rage-applying" for other jobs.
• The atmosphere of anxiety fostered by firings can lead to a souring in the culture, too. "Survivors may react to the layoff by defending their turf or hogging airtime to make themselves seem more knowledgeable," writes Sarah Green Carmichael for Bloomberg.

Yes, but: Sometimes layoffs are necessary, especially if a company can't make payroll or sees less growth ahead.

But highly profitable tech companies might want to think twice before cuts, especially in a tight labor market, says Kevin Delaney, CEO of Charter, a media and research firm that works with companies on talent strategy.

• "Technology continues to be an area of growth and investment. Will these companies need to hire workers [in the future]? The answer is yes."

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🏥 Walmart planning to add 28 more health clinics to stores, aimed at Medicare beneficiaries. (Axios)

📲 iPhone maker plans $700 million India factory, in shift away from China. (Bloomberg)

🚘 Tesla stock more popular than ever for individual investors. (WSJ)

Shares of Silvergate Bank — crypto's bank of choice — slumped to $5.73 yesterday, down 58% from Wednesday's close, Axios' Felix Salmon writes.

• That's more than 97% lower than the all-time high of $222.13 in November 2021, before the crypto winter set in, precipitating a multibillion-dollar deposit outflow.

Why it matters: This is what a modern bank run looks like.

• Silvergate cast doubt in an SEC filing Wednesday on "its ability to continue as a going concern" — which caused not only an acceleration of its deposit outflows but also a massive dumping of the stock.

💭 Felix's thought bubble: In most bank failures, there are many healthy banks that would like to work with the FDIC to take over valuable customer relationships. Given that substantially all of Silvergate's customers are crypto companies, that might not be the case here.

It finally happened. Median home sale prices are lower than they were a year ago for the first time since 2012, according to new data from Redfin out yesterday, Emily writes.

Why it matters: High mortgage rates have been clobbering the real estate market but prices haven't budged much, as homeowners are reluctant to sell and give up the low rates they nabbed in an earlier era.

Driving the news: The rate on the 30-year mortgage rose to 6.65%, per Freddie Mac's weekly report yesterday, while another daily measure topped 7%.

• High rates are turning buyers off. Mortgage applications are at a 28-year low, the Mortgage Bankers Association reported this week.

Details: The typical home sold for $350,246 during the four weeks ending Feb. 26, or 0.6% lower than in February 2022.

The biggest price drops are in Austin (-11%), followed by San Jose, California (-10.9%), Oakland (-10.4%), Sacramento (-7.7%), and Phoenix (-7.3%).

• Yes, but: Even though prices fell, homes aren't getting more affordable for those who need to borrow. First-time buyers are facing "the least affordable market on record," per data from the National Association of Realtors, cited by Bloomberg.