Deep Dive: Retirement becomes more myth than reality
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The number of Americans in the workforce who are over 64 years old has tripled over the past 30 years.
Why it matters: Delayed retirement is a sign of health and affluence for some and a continued life of hardship for others. As society ages and people live longer, a 21st century idea of retirement is needed, Steve Vernon of the Stanford Center on Longevity tells Axios.
The big picture: Americans are working longer — out of choice or necessity. And the trend has broad implications for people of all ages, from younger workers mapping out their futures to older people planning their legacies.
- 43% of Americans ages 45 years and older say they expect to outlive their savings, according to an Axios/SurveyMonkey poll.
- 31% of Americans ages 40-79 said they would continue working into retirement age even without a financial need, according to a recent Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.
"[T]here is more and more incentive to work longer, because the more you work the more you're going to contribute to the [retirement] plan and the more you're going to get from the plan," Richard Johnson, Urban Institute's director for the Program on Retirement Policy, tells Axios.
The state of play:
- On one hand, the average retirement age is just 63 years old.
- Poverty rates among the 65 and older group have fallen.
- Since the 1980s, Social Security benefits have risen along with wages, Vernon said.
The other side:
- Pensions largely don't exist anymore, replaced by 401(k) style retirement plans.
- But many small and mid-sized employers don't offer retirement plans, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- Boomers today also have more debt than past generations — an average of $120,000 for those in debt, per the Stanford Center for Longevity.
- 30% of them had nothing saved in a retirement plan in 2014.
- There's a growing number of elderly Americans reliant on Medicare and Medicaid.
Reality check: The mechanisms that once ensured an easy retirement may be disappearing, but a small percentage of American workers ever really benefited from pension plans.
- "This image that we have that the prior generation of workers had generous pensions, is largely not right," Vernon said.
What's next: By the 2030s, one in five U.S. adults will be 65 or older, the Census Bureau projects. Life expectancy at birth will have risen to 82 from 79 in 2016, according to U.N. data. This could put tremendous strain on the nation's social security and health care systems.
- It could become even more necessary for older generations to continue working, but opportunities for them may dwindle, especially for low-wage workers as jobs are automated.
- “People want to work longer, but do the employers want them to work longer?" Johnson said about the tough sell of retraining senior employees.
The bottom line: A comfortable retirement at 65 is disappearing — and may have been mostly myth all along.
Go deeper:
- Millennials, Gen Xers to baby boomers: Can you retire so I can get a job promotion? (USA Today)
- For seniors, an intractable housing crisis
- More older Americans rely on Medicare and Medicaid
- Poll: Retirement hopes — and fears
- The millennial retirement savers
- Bridge — the card game — is starting to advertise
