U.S. could face prolonged era of anti-immigrant fever
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Illustration: Lazaro Gamio/Axios
Around a century ago, amid a massive surge of immigrants, Americans — themselves virtually all of foreign blood — pushed back in what turned into a more than four-decade-long uprising against newcomers.
Now, the U.S. immigrant population is nearing the same proportions, and again Americans are revolting.
Why it matters: The new wave of migration is, along with automation, one of the primary drivers behind the anti-establishment uprising roiling both the U.S. and Europe, experts say.
- At 13.5% last year, the population of foreign-born U.S. residents is nearing the peak of 14.8%, reached in 1890.
- If history holds, the U.S. is entering a new, prolonged era of anti-immigrant fever.
- And, if so, it won't be easy to tamp down: The last time, it took the legislative mastery of Lyndon Johnson to quell the hysteria, in a bill he muscled through Congress in 1965. But now there is no Johnson.
"We've begun the 21st century as we began the 20th. The target may be different, but the anxiety is the same."— Muzaffar Chishti, director of the Migration Policy Institute at New York University law school
The background: The U.S. has gone through waves of anti-immigrant fevers.
- In the 1850s, a movement began that was anti-Catholic and anti-Irish, and it turned into the Know Nothing political party.
- In the late 19th century, another wave arose against a surge of some 9 million eastern and southern Europeans.
- In 1921, Congress approved the Emergency Quota Act and then the National Origins Act, which kept allowing western and northern Europeans but all but blocked almost anyone else. Asians were effectively barred.
Then, in 1965, Johnson pushed through legislation that ended the quota system. But experts say the current fever is in large part an unforeseen byproduct of that legislation: By linking immigration to relatives of the current population, Congress thought the makeup of the U.S. population would not change much. Instead, it resulted in the surge of immigrants from Latin America and elsewhere (see chart below).
As researchers have sought an answer for the Western world's abrupt pivot to populism, the main explanations they have settled on are:
- The long period of flat wages and joblessness, pushing people into a dispiriting plunge out of the middle class. At fault have been automation, globalization and trade deals that have buoyed the overall global economy but created pockets of profound blight.
- But the more potent dynamic has been migration — a cultural defensiveness rooted in the feeling that one's accustomed way of life is under attack by newcomers.
- "The first wave of immigration produced the National Origin quota system. The second wave produced Trump," said Chishti. "The current wave has the same tone about immigration as the beginning of the 20th century."
