Smaller AI companies and researchers are amping up their presence in Washington to make sure their voices are heard in regulatory debates, Maria reports.

Why it matters: AI regulation will have a long-lasting effect on both the industry and the country's global competitiveness, and industry players want to make sure government officials get it right.

Driving the news: The co-founder of Andreessen Horowitz, a top Silicon Valley venture capital firm, was in D.C. last week to represent the startup community in meetings with lawmakers and White House officials.

• Late last month, Stanford University's Hoover Institution launched its Emerging Technology Review in D.C. as an education resource for policymakers. Academics met with offices on Capitol Hill and administration officials to present their report.
• And Cohere just tapped Melika Carroll, who has more than 20 years of experience in startups, as its first head of government relations, per an announcement shared first with Ashley.
• Carroll's priorities include combating bias and disinformation and supporting open competition.

In an interview at Axios' headquarters, Ben Horowitz said there are parts of the Biden administration's AI executive order that are "stunningly obviously regulatory capture," including the approach to open-source software.

• Government officials fear open-source models pose national security threats because the code can land in the hands of bad actors.
• The EO instructs NTIA to study the risks and opportunities of open-source AI models and recommend actions.
• But there's concern the EO is the first step toward curbing open-source models, which could shut out smaller players and academia.

What they're saying: "Shame on us for not being in the conversation enough in the first round; that's definitely our fault," Horowitz said.

• At a dinner hosted by the Hoover Institution last month, Stanford senior researcher Amy Zegart called for more investment in R&D:
• "It's hard to look long term with so much today having to do with national security. So the lament that we have is about the erosion of the foundation of innovation and basic R&D. That's a bipartisan blind spot."
• Rep. Don Beyer, speaking today about the CREATE AI Act to authorize the National AI Research Resource, said that "what we want to do is create our own huge database."
• "If we can do the CREATE AI Act, we can then give universities, companies, small companies the democratization of AI by giving them a database resource to use for all these searches," he said during a Washington Post event.

Catch up fast: Closed-source supporters have played an outsized role in shaping the regulatory conversation so far, open-source backers say.

• That includes OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, who made his presence known early on, testifying on the Hill last May and meeting with dozens of lawmakers.
• Altman's advocacy for a licensing regime is a red flag for the open-source community, which thinks it will shut out many developers.
• Anthropic, another closed-source backer, was also recently making the rounds in D.C.

What's next: As another way to shape policymaking, Horowitz said, his firm is gearing up to get more involved in the elections by making donations, but he declined to elaborate.

Sen. Ed Markey is going after artificial intelligence's environmental impacts, our Axios Pro Energy colleague Jael Holzman reports.

Why it matters: Markey's usually got the pulse of climate activists. If he is targeting an industry, that often means it's become a priority for them.

Driving the news: Markey introduced legislation last week that would direct the National Institute of Standards and Technology to make a rubric for analyzing AI's environmental impacts.

• The bill would also require an interagency study of AI's environmental pros and cons.
• It'll be cosponsored by Sens. Ron Wyden, Martin Heinrich, Peter Welch and Alex Padilla.

Reality check: A bill like this can have difficulty becoming law without bipartisan support and/or hitching a ride on a larger legislative vehicle. But with "idea" bills, that's not always the point.

The big picture: This bill is part of a wider push across the activist space and academia to focus on AI's role in a decarbonizing world.

"While we say AI, AI, AI over and over again — and trust me, I'm in an AI meeting multiple times a week, it feels like, when we're in session — it is so important to also be talking about what this committee is working on with quantum."