The major climate pledges made at COP26 so far

A global effort to halt and reverse deforestation. A 100+ country voluntary pact to slash methane emissions. And a commitment from India to reduce its emissions to net zero by 2070. The COP26 pledges, both public and private, have started to roll in as world leaders, diplomats and others meet in Glasgow, Scotland, to address climate change.

Why it matters: The UN summit is seen as crucial — "the last, best hope for securing the global commitments needed to get countries on track to avoid potentially catastrophic levels of climate change during the next several decades," reports Axios' Andrew Freedman.

Here's a breakdown of the major pledges made at COP26 so far...

Global pledges:

• Over 100 countries representing more than 85% of the world's forests committed to halting and reversing deforestation and land degradation by 2030.
• 105 world leaders signed onto the Global Methane Pledge, a U.S. and EU joint initiative to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030.
• The U.S., U.K., France, Germany and EU said they would dedicate $8.5 billion to help South Africa decarbonize its coal-heavy energy system.
• The U.K. said that at least 23 new countries joined a commitment to phase out and not build or invest in new coal power over the next few decades, bringing the number of signatory countries up to 190.
• 25 countries have joined an effort that aims to end public financing of overseas oil, gas and coal projects by the end of 2022. Signatories include the U.S., U.K., Denmark, Canada, Italy and the European Investment Bank.

Country-level commitments:

• India pledged to cut its carbon emissions to net zero by 2070 and increase its share of renewable energy output from 450 gigawatts (GW) per year to 500GW.

Other initiatives:

• The U.K., U.S. and several other countries, along with the Bezos Earth Fund and the EU pledged more than $1.5 billion to protect forests, peatlands and other critical carbon stores in the Congo Basin Plan, the UN said.
• Jeff Bezos committed $2 billion to "restoring natural habitats and transforming food systems."
• The Rockefeller Foundation, the IKEA Foundation and the Bezos Earth Fund launched the Global Energy Alliance for People and the Planet to tackle access to renewable energy across Africa, Asia and Latin America during the next decade. The alliance will also include governments and world governing bodies such as the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, Italy, the U.K. and Denmark.

The big picture: The pledges made at COP26 follow commitments announced in the lead up to the summit.

• The U.S. in September, for example, pledged to double its public climate finance commitment to $11.4 billion annually.
• China, whose leader is not attending COP26, announced an end to building coal-fired power plants abroad. It did not offer any new pledges at COP26.
• Yes, but... Both of these steps come with significant caveats: the U.S. pledge has to go through Congress, while China said nothing about halting domestic coal use, Axios' Freedman notes.

Be smart... The pledges made so far are just that: pledges. They are not mandatory, and no one will be punished for failing to live up to them. However, they signal the momentum behind certain aspects of climate action, and offer hope for effective actions despite the lack of a mandatory regime.

Go deeper:

• What to know about COP26 in Glasgow
• What COP26 pledges could mean for investors
• 🎧 Why COP26 matters
• Don't forget: Axios’ Ben Geman, David Lawler and Andrew Freedman are reporting from COP26 in Glasgow over the next two weeks. Follow their coverage by subscribing to the Axios Generate and Axios World newsletters.

Editor's note: This story will be updated as major pledges and commitments are announced.