What the taxman giveth, the energy shock taketh away. That's the upshot of the arithmetic around how much the average American household is on track to pay for higher gasoline prices this year.

Why it matters: Forecasters have been betting on an economic tailwind this year from super-sized tax refunds, thanks to tax legislation passed last year.

• New calculations from the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, however, suggest that the benefits of higher tax refunds will be roughly offset by higher prices for crude oil and refined oil products in the wake of the Iran war.

By the numbers: The Stanford economists modeled the hit the average U.S. household will face if the most recent Goldman Sachs crude oil forecast — which assumes a three-week closure of the Strait of Hormuz with prices mostly retreating to pre-war levels by June — comes true.

• They find that in this scenario, retail gasoline prices peak at $4.36 a gallon in May before declining slowly. That would mean the average household spending $740 more in gas costs this year compared with pre-war forecasts.
• That is similar to the $748 in additional refund money that the Tax Foundation projects the average household will receive due to the One Big, Beautiful Bill Act.
• Other estimates of the extra refund cash flowing into Americans' bank accounts this tax season are smaller. In IRS data so far this filing season, the average refund is up only $360.

Reality check: Each side of this equation involves great uncertainty. The energy price outlook is a forecast, not reality, and serious forecasting shops have a range of estimates for the tax refunds.

• Moreover, average figures "mask substantial variation across households," note Stanford's Neale Mahoney, Jared Bernstein, Caleb Brobst and Ryan Cummings.
• "Non-drivers and electric vehicle owners face no increase at the pump, while households with long commutes may face considerably higher costs," they write.

State of play: The oil price shock — a gallon of regular unleaded gasoline averages $3.84 today, up from $2.92 a month ago — amounts to a tax on households, because most people can't radically change their energy consumption habits on short notice.

• People need to drive to work and the grocery store, and to heat their homes, so higher energy prices tend to either cause households to cut other spending or reduce savings rates.
• Higher energy prices also raise airfares and shipping prices, which exerts upward pressure on the prices of virtually all goods.
• There are some offsets in terms of overall economic growth — energy-producing companies and regions can see higher incomes amid higher oil prices — but those benefits tend to be more concentrated.

The bottom line: Higher energy prices "will be a meaningful drag on spending growth this year," wrote Michael Pearce, the chief U.S. economist at Oxford Economics, "more than offsetting the fiscal boost from larger tax refunds that is feeding through at the same time."

Wholesale prices — including for consumer staples like fresh vegetables — rose at a rapid clip in February.

Why it matters: It is a fresh warning for the Trump administration and the Federal Reserve. Price pressures were already building across the economy, even before the Iran war introduced new inflation risks.

By the numbers: The Producer Price Index — which measures prices that manufacturers, farmers and other producers receive for goods and services — rose 0.7% last month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics said today. That is the largest monthly advance since July 2025.

• PPI rose 3.4% in the 12 months through February, the highest annual rate in a year.

Zoom in: Against the backdrop of consumer frustrations with higher costs, the surge in wholesale goods costs last month stands out: Prices increased more than 1%, the largest gain since 2023.

• Roughly 40% of that increase can be traced back to the gain in wholesale food prices, which rose 2.4%.
• Producer prices for fresh and dry vegetables soared almost 50% last month alone, the biggest monthly spike since 2010 — though the data can be volatile.

Friction point: Some Fed officials have shrugged off evidence of stickier inflation in goods prices in recent months, citing tariff-related effects that were likely to fade.

• But there is evidence that prices in the services sector are heating up, even as some Fed officials say inflation in that part of the economy has been well-behaved.
• Producer prices for services rose 0.5% last month. That's a slowdown from the 0.8% gain in January, but is still the third straight monthly increase after more benign readings at the end of 2025.

The bottom line: None of this accounts for the energy shock that is currently rippling across the economy — including in the form of higher costs for wholesalers that might ultimately get passed on to consumers.