The Warsh era begins with soaring inflation, a Middle East energy shock bleeding into other parts of the economy and colleagues skeptical that rate cuts should come anytime soon.

• Add on top: Warsh faces more political pressure to deliver lower rates than any other Fed chair in recent memory.

Why it matters: The new chair inherits a set of economic conditions that make it difficult to justify cutting rates.

• Despite Trump's unprecedented pressure on Warsh's predecessor, Jerome Powell, to cut rates, the president struck a different tone today.
• "Honestly, I really mean this: I want Kevin to be totally independent and just do a great job. Don't look at me, don't look at anybody. Just do your own thing and do a great job," Trump said at Warsh's swearing-in ceremony.

What they're saying: "Our mandate at the Fed is to promote price stability and maximum employment," Warsh said.

• "When we pursue those aims with wisdom and clarity, independence and resolve, inflation can be lower, growth stronger, real take-home pay higher, and America can be more prosperous, and no less important, America's place in the world more secure."
• "To fulfill this mission," he added, "I will lead a reform-oriented Federal Reserve, learning from past successes and mistakes, both escaping static frameworks and models, and upholding clear standards of integrity and performance."

The intrigue: Not long before Warsh was officially sworn into the post, Fed governor Christopher Waller gave a notable speech that cemented his hawkish pivot.

• Just months ago, he was a leading advocate for rate cuts to boost what he saw as a souring labor market. Waller's speech, aptly titled "Policy Risks Have Changed," suggests his view has flipped.
• Waller said it might be appropriate to strip the Fed's policy statement of its "easing bias" language, aligning with a group of Fed presidents who dissented last month over the inclusion of such a signal.

Zoom in: Waller says the inflation picture has materially worsened. He estimated that the Fed's go-to inflation gauge ran around 3.8% in April compared with a year ago, the highest in three years, with core personal consumption expenditures at roughly 3.3%.

• "Inflation is not headed in the right direction," Waller said. He added that the labor market appeared to be stabilizing, removing the factor that previously cemented his argument for rate cuts.
• "I am going to need to see improvement on inflation or a significant deterioration in the labor market before I would consider reducing the policy rate."

Waller stopped short of calling for near-term rate hikes, noting that their lagged effects could impair the economy if the Iran war's energy shock subsides.

• He noted, however: "I can no longer rule out rate hikes further down the road if inflation does not abate soon, and that is especially true if measures of inflation expectations, some of which have risen lately, show signs of becoming unanchored."
• There are early signs that consumers might be adjusting their outlook on long-run inflation, a huge concern for the Fed. (More on this below.)

The big picture: The Warsh-era Fed will have to grapple with the uncomfortable fact that inflation has run above the central bank's 2% target for five years, complicating the calculus of whether the current war-driven energy shock is "transitory."

• The problem is the series of successive price shocks this decade. Waller warned that even if Americans believe each individual price shock will fade, watching them stack up one after another can cause them to revise their inflation expectations higher anyway because the pattern starts to feel like evidence that higher inflation is the new normal.
• Waller compared it to a series of coin flips: If you flip heads three times in a row, you rationally start to wonder if the coin is rigged, even if you know each flip is supposed to be independent.
• There's a similar logic for inflation: Enough shocks in a row, and people start pricing in more to come, which itself makes inflation harder to bring down.

What to watch: Whether the Fed's rate cuts last year — framed as "insurance" against a weakening labor market — have left policy too loose for the moment.

• "[W]ith growth solid, the labor market showing increasing signs of stabilization, inflation accelerating and fiscal policy and financial conditions supportive, the Fed's policy stance might be miscalibrated," Deutsche Bank's Matthew Luzzetti and Matthew Raskin wrote.

Another month, another terrible reading on consumers' attitudes toward the economy — and the data contains a stark warning for the Fed on Americans' expectations for inflation over the long run.

Driving the news: The University of Michigan's consumer sentiment index fell sharply to a new all-time low in May, at 44.8, from 49.8 in April.

• Long-run inflation expectations soared to 3.9% in May from 3.5% in April, well above the Fed's target and above the range where they hovered in 2024.
• The plunge in attitudes — to levels not seen in data collected consistently since the late 1970s — reflected profound dissatisfaction over the cost of living, particularly since the Iran war and subsequent rise in gasoline prices.
• The declines in sentiment were broad-based, but steepest among lower-income consumers and those without college degrees.

What they're saying: "The cost of living continues to be a first-order concern," survey director Joanne Hsu says in the report, "with 57% of consumers spontaneously mentioning that high prices were eroding their personal finances, up from 50% last month."

• "Critically, consumers appear worried that inflation will increase and proliferate beyond fuel prices, even in the long run."

Of note: Sentiment decreased among independents and Republicans to the lowest readings of the current Trump term.

• Among Republicans, long-run inflation expectations have more than doubled since February 2025.

Between the lines: Even though inflation has been above the Fed's target for more than five consecutive years, the central bank's leaders have taken solace in the fact that longer-term inflation expectations remained anchored.

• With the new Michigan survey, combined with a recent surge in inflation rates priced into bond markets, that confidence is being tested.
• When inflation expectations rise, it can create a self-fulfilling pattern in which companies charge higher prices, workers demand higher wages and consumers lose confidence that prices will remain stable.

The bottom line: The unemployment rate is relatively low, the stock market is at new highs, and inflation isn't as bad as it was a few years ago. But Americans' view of the economy is overwhelmingly negative.